gnu general public license
-
asagida tam metni bulunan lisans:
gnu general public license
version 2, june 1991
copyright (c) 1989, 1991 free software foundation, inc.
59 temple place - suite 330, boston, ma 02111-1307, usa
everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
preamble
the licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. by contrast, the gnu general public license is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. this general public license applies to most of the free software foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (some other free software foundation software is covered by the gnu library general public license instead.) you can apply it to your programs, too.
when we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. our general public licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
to protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. these restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
for example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. you must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. and you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
we protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. if the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. we wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. to prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
the precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
0. this license applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this general public license. the "program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the program" means either the program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) each licensee is addressed as "you".
activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this license; they are outside its scope. the act of running the program is not restricted, and the output from the program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the program (independent of having been made by running the program). whether that is true depends on what the program does.
1. you may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this license and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the program a copy of this license along with the program.
you may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. you may modify your copy or copies of the program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) you must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b) you must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this license.
c) if the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this license. (exception: if the program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the program is not required to print an announcement.)
these requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. if identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this license, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. but when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this license, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the program.
in addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the program with the program (or with a work based on the program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this license.
3. you may copy and distribute the program (or a work based on it, under section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (this alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with subsection b above.)
the source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. for an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. however, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
if distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. you may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the program except as expressly provided under this license. any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this license. however, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this license will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
5. you are not required to accept this license, since you have not signed it. however, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the program or its derivative works. these actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this license. therefore, by modifying or distributing the program (or any work based on the program), you indicate your acceptance of this license to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the program or works based on it.
6. each time you redistribute the program (or any work based on the program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the program subject to these terms and conditions. you may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. you are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this license.
7. if, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this license, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this license. if you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this license and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the program at all. for example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this license would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the program.
if any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
it is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
this section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this license.
8. if the distribution and/or use of the program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the program under this license may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. in such case, this license incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this license.
9. the free software foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the general public license from time to time. such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
each version is given a distinguishing version number. if the program specifies a version number of this license which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the free software foundation. if the program does not specify a version number of this license, you may choose any version ever published by the free software foundation.
10. if you wish to incorporate parts of the program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. for software which is copyrighted by the free software foundation, write to the free software foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
no warranty
11. because the program is licensed free of charge, there is no warranty for the program, to the extent permitted by applicable law. except when otherwise stated in writing the copyright holders and/or other parties provide the program "as is" without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. the entire risk as to the quality and performance of the program is with you. should the program prove defective, you assume the cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction.
12. in no event unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing will any copyright holder, or any other party who may modify and/or redistribute the program as permitted above, be liable to you for damages, including any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use the program (including but not limited to loss of data or data being rendered inaccurate or losses sustained by you or third parties or a failure of the program to operate with any other programs), even if such holder or other party has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
end of terms and conditions
how to apply these terms to your new programs
if you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
to do so, attach the following notices to the program. it is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.
copyright (c) yyyy name of author
this program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license
as published by the free software foundation; either version 2
of the license, or (at your option) any later version.
this program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. see the
gnu general public license for more details.
you should have received a copy of the gnu general public license
along with this program; if not, write to the free software
foundation, inc., 59 temple place - suite 330, boston, ma 02111-1307, usa.
also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
if the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
gnomovision version 69, copyright (c) year name of author
gnomovision comes with absolutely no warranty; for details
type `show w'. this is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
for details.
the hypothetical commands show w' andshow c' should show the appropriate parts of the general public license. of course, the commands you use may be called something other than show w' andshow c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
you should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. here is a sample; alter the names:
yoyodyne, inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
interest in the program `gnomovision'
(which makes passes at compilers) written
by james hacker.
signature of ty coon, 1 april 1989
ty coon, president of vice
this general public license does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. if your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. if this is what you want to do, use the gnu library general public license instead of this license. -
kaynak: http://www.php.org.tr/
piyasaya sürülen her yazılım, üretici şahıs ya da firmanın haklarını ve kullanıcının haklarını korumaya yönelik bir lisans anlaşması içerir. bir lisans anlaşması görevini yaparken, programın kopyalanması sırasında izlenecek yöntemler, lisans ücreti, destek meselesi, kullanıcının yazılım üzerinde ne gibi hakları olduğu konularına açıklık getirmelidir. bu güne kadar belki de yüzlerce lisans anlaşması piyasaya çıkmıştır. isimleri çok farklı olmasına rağmen basit bir kategorizasyon yapmak mümkündür.
serbest yazılım anlaşmaları
serbest olmayan ücretsiz yazılım anlaşmaları
serbest olmayan yazılım anlaşmaları
serbest yazılım anlaşmaları arasında en popüleri kuşkusuz gpl lisansıdır. serbest kelimesinin karşılığını yazımızın ilerleyen kısımlarında açıklamaya çalışacağız. diğer serbest yazılım lisansları arasında lgpl, x11 lisansı, python' un lisans anlaşması sayılabilir.
bedava yazılım anlaşmaları ise gpl' in bütün maddelerine uymak istemeyen firmalar ve kişiler tarafından genelde kendi yazılımlarına adapte ettikleri lisans sözleşmeleridir. en popülerleri, bsd lisansı, apache, zope, openldap, phorum, mozilla, interbase, netscape, qt gibi yazılımların lisansları ve ibm, sun gibi firmaların public license' lardır.
serbest olmayan yazılım anlaşmaları ise orijinal artistic license, apple public source license olarak özetlenebilir.
gpl nedir? diğer lisanslardan farkları nelerdir? gpl lisans anlaşması, 1983 yılında richard stallman tarafından geliştirilmiş, çok akıllıca detaylarla bağlayıcılığı bulunan, teşvik edici, gerek kullanıcı gerekse üretici tarafa büyük olanaklar sağlayan bir lisans türüdür. gpl' in en çok üzerinde durduğu konu yazılımların kaynak kodu ile birlikte dağıtılmasının gerekliliğidir. üretici firma yazılımını binary olarak dağıtsa bile kaynak kodunu da herkes tarafından erişilebilir bir yere bırakmak zorundadır. kullanıcı, bu kaynak kodu alıp inceleyebiir, üzerinde istediği değişikliği yapabilir, kendi projelerinde yazılımlarında kodun tamamını ya da bir parçasını kullanabilir. hatta başkasının kod parçasını alıp bir kaç değişiklik yapıp, satarak maddi kazanç da elde edebilir. ama tek bir şartla, yeni üretilen program da gpl ile lisanslanmak zorundadır.
yukarıdaki paragrafı dikkatle okuduysanız, bunun neresi akıllıca diyor olabilirsiniz. lütfen biraz sabredin, bir sonraki başlık bu konu ile ilgili olacak. şimdi kısaca diğer lisans anlaşmaları ile farklarından bahsedeyim.
gpl, özellikle programın kaynak kodunun açık olmasının gerekliliğini savunan bir yapıdadır. temel amaçları, şeffaflık, kullanıcının ne kullandığını bilmesi, yazılımın çok kişi tarafndan hızlıca geliştirilmesi vb...' dir. pek çok kişi bu radikal yaklaşımın gnu gpl lisansı tarafından getirldiğini düşünse de bu yanlıştır. çok daha önceleri bsd ve benzeri lisans anlaşmaları programları kaynak kodları ile dağıtmayı oldukça popüler yapmıştı ki halen de çok sayıda yazılım bu lisanslar ile piyasaya sürülmektedir. bsd lisansı, gpl' e temelde benzese de en belirgin farkı, değiştirilerek piyasaya sürülen yazılımın kodunun açık olması zorunluluğu ve bsd lisanslı olması zorunluluğunun olmamasıdır. oldukça fazla sayıda firma bsd lisanslı programların kodlarını olduğu gibi ya da biraz değiştirerek kendi yazılımları içine gömmüş, yazarına ve kullanıcılara hiç bir geribildirim yapmayarak çok yüksek meblağlarda maddi kazanç elde etmiştir. gpl, üretilen yazılımın da gpl olmasını zorunluluk yaparak bunu imkansız kılmaktadır.
gpl, yazılımın ücretlendirilmesi hakkında hiç bir fikir beyan etmez. pek çok lisans anlaşması ücretsiz kategorisine girerken gpl yazılımları ücretsiz olmak zorunda değildir. üretici firma ya da kuruluş, yazılımını gpl ile lisanslayıp, dağıtabilir ve karşılığında da bir ücret talep edebilir. bu madde en baştan beri sözleşme içerisinde olmasına rağmen gariptir ki, gpl yazılımların çok büyük bir kısmı ücretsizdir. genel bir yaklaşım yazılımdan değil, kullanıcıya sunulan destekten para kazanılması şeklindedir. bu özelliği ile gpl, pek çok lisanstan ayrılmaktadır.
gpl yazılımların kopyalanmasında piyasada bulunan pek çok yazılımdan farklı bir mantık geçerlidir. kısaca özetleyeyim. isteyen istediği gibi istediği medya ile bir gpl yazılımı kopyalayabilir, dağıtabilir, dağıtması için bir üçüncü şahısa devredebilir. bunda hiç bir kısıtlama mevcut değildir. eğer yazılım karşılık olarak bir ücret talep ediyorsa, bu yazılımı kullanan kişi ücretini ödemekle yükümlüdür. değilse, herhangi bir hukuki yükümlülük altında kalınması sözkonusu değildir.
gpl' in avantajları ve dezavantajları şüphesiz, gpl, bir lisans anlaşmasının temel amaçlarından olan kullanıcıyı koruma kısmını oldukça başarı ile yerine getirir. kullanıcı neredeyse yazılımı üreten kişi ile aynı haklara sahiptir ki en basitinden kodu istediği gibi değiştirip kendi amaçlarına uygun hale getirebilir ve bunu satıp maddi kazanç elde edebilir. kullanıcı aynı zamanda, çok sayıda yazılımın kodunu inceleyebildiği için, kendisini geliştirme imkanı bulur, eninde sonunda bir gün de üretici konumuna gelip, o da gpl yazılım üretmeye başlar. bu söylediklerim birer ütopya değil, bugün yazılım endüstrisini kasıp kavuran gelişmelerdir.
üretici kısmında ise avantajlar çok ince çizgilerle ayrılmış durumdadır. ilk olarak yazılımını ücretsiz olarak piyasaya sürmesi zorunluluğu olmadığı için kazançta bir eksilme olmamalıdır diye düşünülebilir. gpl yazılımların dünyada çok büyük bir hedef kitlesi vardır. özellikle orta ve küçük ölçekli firmalar için büyük sorun olan, "hedef kitleye ulaşamama" sorununu aşmak yazılım gpl ile lisanslandığında büyük bir problem teşkil etmemektedir. gpl yazılımlara karşı internet' te büyük bir destek vardır. http://www.freshmeat.net/, http://www.linuxapps.com/, http://www.hotscripts.com/, http://www.linuxberg.com/ gibi sitelerde her gün onlarca yazılımın duyurusu yapılmakta ve onbinlerce belki yüzbinlerce kişinin bir defada yazılımdan haberdar olması sağlanmaktadır. gpl yazılımlara karşı kullanıcının büyük bir sempatisi olduğundan dolayı, bazı büyük firmalar da yazılımlarını belki kendilerini şirin göstermek belki de gözden çıkardıkları bir ürünün diğer ürünlerine dikkat çekmek için bir altyapı hazırlamasını sağlamak için gpl ile lisanslamaktadırlar. gpl yazılımlara rağbet gösteren hedef kitlenin sayısının artması ile birlikte bu alanda destek veren firmalar da büyük bir gelir kaynağı elde etmiş durumdalar. gpl yazılımlar inanılmaz bir hızla, aynen bir virüs gibi yayılır. başarılı bir yazılım üreticisi firma globalleşmeyi düşünüyorsa ve bu işi bir ay gibi çok kısa bir sürede yapmak istiyorsa belki de tek yolu yazılımını gpl ile lisanslamaktır.
şimdi de kısaca maddeler halinde biraz da tekrar yaparak gpl lisansının avantajlarından yorumsuz olarak bahsedelim.
kullanıcı yazılımının içinde ne olduğunu bilir. bazı üretici firmaların yaptığı öne sürülen backdoor yerleştirme vakaları imkansızdır. bu özellikle askeri kurumlar için önemli olmaktadır. farklı bir ülkenin ürünü olan bir yazılımı önemli istihbarat birimleri kullanmak istemeyeceklerdir. gpl ile lisanslanan yazılımın kaynak kodu ortada olduğu için gerekli inceleme yapıldıktan sonra rahatlıkla kullanılabilir.
yazılım çok büyük bir kitle tarafından kullanılması sonucunda hataların keşfedilmesi ve yine çok büyük bir kitle tarafından geliştirildiği için düzeltilmesi süreci bazen dakikalarla sınırlı olur.
üretici firma, kullanıcı kitlesini geliştirmek için büyük bir şans elde etmiş olur.
kullanıcı yazılımda beğenmediği kısımları değiştirmekte hürdür. bunu eğer kendisi yapamıyorsa bile yazılım çok büyük bir kitle tarafından kullanıldığı için, internet' te biraz aradıktan sonra büyük ihtimalle aynı yazılımın kendi istediği şekilde değiştirilmiş halini rahatlıkla bulur. ya da bu iş için profesyonel destek satın alabilir.
üretici firma, dünyaca popüler bir gpl yazılımın üreticisi olarak büyük bir prestij elde eder. referans listesinde onbinlerce kişi tarafından kullanılan bir programı geliştirmiş bir firma olmanın onurunu taşır. bunun sonucunda bir sonraki geliştirdiği yazılıma dışarıdan bakışlar daha profesyonelce ve firmanın ismi duyulduğu için de hedef kitle daha büyük olur.
bsd gibi lisanlarda olanın aksine gpl bir yazılımdan türetilen yazılım da gpl olmak zorunda olduğu için geliştiricinin kodunun çalınması riski yoktur.
gpl bir yazılımın kodunun üzerinde oynayan kişi sayısı bazen binleri bulmaktadır. bu nedenle programlar oldukça hızlı bir şekilde çok büyük bir kitle tarafından geliştirilir. bu da yazılımın kalitesinin artmasında büyük bir rol oynar.
gpl, yazılım sektöründe bir rekabet ortamı yaratmayı sağlar. ücretli ve kapalı kod olarak sunulan yazılımların ücretsiz ve açık kodlu olanlara nispeten çok daha kaliteli olmasının gerekliliği ortaya çıkar. bu da yazılımların kalitesini arttırırır ve sektörün ütopik tam rekabet piyasasına olabildiğince yaklaşmasını sağlar. söktörü sadece arz değil, talep de yönlendirmeye başlar.
kullanıcı ürünün gelişmesi için üretici firmaya bağımlı kalmaz. özellikle kritik uygulamalarda kullanılan bir yazılımı üreten firmanın batması veya artık yazılıma destek vermemesi durumunda mağdur kalınmaz. kaynak kodu ortada olduğu için kullanıcı istenirse kendi bünyesinde isterse destek alarak yazılımı geliştirmeye devam edebilir.
gpl' e özellikle son günlerde bazı eleştiriler yapılmaktadır. bu eleştiriler kimilerince bir kampanya boyutuna taşınmaktadır. bu eleştiriler gpl' in de bazı dezavantajları olabileceğine bizlerin dikkatini çekmeyi başarmıştır. yorumsuz olarak bu eleştirileri kısaca sıralamak gerekirse :
gpl ile geliştirilmiş yazılımlar ücretsiz olmak zorunda olmasalar da genelde böyledir. gpl yazılımların sayısı ve kalitesi arttıkça yazılım sektöründe dönen para akışını azaltmakta, bu da pek çok kişinin gelirlerinde büyük azalmalara ve sektördeki bazı ürünlerin egale olmasına yol açmaktadır.
şu anki teknoloji ile üretilebilecek hemen her konuda bir gpl yazılım mevcuttur. gpl yazılımların kodları örnek alındığında sonuç olan ürün de gpl olmak zorunda olduğu için, kapalı kod bir yazılım yazmayı düşünen bir firmanın bu yazılımlardan örnek almaması gerekir. dolayısıyla yaratıcılığa sınırlar çizilmiş olunur.
gpl üreten firma ya da şahıslar genelde ürünlerine yeterli desteği verememektedirler. bunun bir nedeni de gpl yazılım üreten firmaların inanılmaz boyutlardaki hedef kitleye yetişememeleridir.
gpl üretici firma ya da kişiler genellikle ürünlerine destek vermek için ücret talep ederler. bu da gpl yazılımların sanıldığının aksine ücretsiz olmadığı anlamına gelir.
gpl yazılımların kaynak kodu açık olduğu için bilgisayar korsanlarının kodu inceleyerek güvenlik açıklarını bulması mümkün olur.
sonuç gpl, ister beğenilsin, isterse eleştirilsin bilişim sektöründe son yılların en büyük gelişmelerinden birisidir. gpl ile lisanslanmış yazılımların içinde en popüleri olan linux işletim sistemi ve daha binlerce yazılım, ibm, sun, oracle, corel gibi dünya devi firmaları kendi saflarına çekmeyi başarmış, microsoft gibi bir diğer dünya devinden yetkilileri de gpl aleyhinde konuşmalar yapmak ve "linux neden ücretsiz değildir" gibi yazılar piyasaya sürmek zorunda bırakmıştır. yapılan propagandalar sonuç olarak neyi doğurur şu an öne sürmek çok zor fakat kesin olan bir şey var ki, gpl artık bilişim söktöründe küçümsenemeyecek bir gerçektir. -
gnu.org 'dan aynen:
gnu general public license
version 2, june 1991
copyright (c) 1989, 1991 free software foundation, inc.
59 temple place, suite 330, boston, ma 02111-1307 usa
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how to apply these terms to your new programs
if you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
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free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
to do so, attach the following notices to the program. it is safest
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<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
copyright (c) <year> <name of author>
this program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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this program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. see the
gnu general public license for more details.
you should have received a copy of the gnu general public license
along with this program; if not, write to the free software
foundation, inc., 59 temple place, suite 330, boston, ma 02111-1307 usa
also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
if the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
gnomovision version 69, copyright (c) year name of author
gnomovision comes with absolutely no warranty; for details type `show w'.
this is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
the hypothetical commands show w' andshow c' should show the appropriate
parts of the general public license. of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than show w' andshow c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
you should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. here is a sample; alter the names:
yoyodyne, inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by james hacker.
<signature of ty coon>, 1 april 1989
ty coon, president of vice
this general public license does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. if your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. if this is what you want to do, use the gnu library general
public license instead of this license. -
gnu genel kamu lisansinı fazla serbestbulabilecek yazılım geliştirici arkadaşlar için gnu kisitli genel kamu lisansi diye bir şey de mevcuttur.
-
(bkz: copyleft)
-
-
yakında üçüncü sürümü duyurulacak olan özgür yazılım lisansı.
(bkz: gplv3) -
tanrinin insanlara gecmis oldugu buyuk kiyaklardan bir tanesidir.
ekşi sözlük kullanıcılarıyla mesajlaşmak ve yazdıkları entry'leri
takip etmek için giriş yapmalısın.
hesabın var mı? giriş yap