kapitülasyon

• (bkz: ahidname/@derinsular)
• --- quote ---
  
  "the so-called capitulations treaties that date from the sixteenth century were a testament to ottoman strength that vanished so quickly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. ottoman rulers sought to encourage foreign merchants' activities in the ottoman domains, and these treaties offered favorable conditions to european merchants doing business in ottoman lands. consular courts set up by the various embassies adjudicated cases between european merchants who were exempt from ottoman laws. this legal immunity meant that these foreign merchants essentially paid no taxes. initially, the treaties enabled the empire to obtain goods and maintain a positive relationship with other european states. as the balance of power shifted away from the ottomans, however, these concerns paled in comparison to the depredation caused by the treaties. europeans flooded local markets with finished goods, devastating the ottoman merchant class. adjusting to these changed circumstances, local merchants began to acquire foreign citizenship in order to enjoy the advantages of the capitulations. in doing so, many essentially became local agents of foreign trading houses, in addition, the europeans used these treaties and the economic power they provided to exert political pressure on the porte.
  
  "the question of the treatment of minorities in the ottoman empire was another tactic that european powers used to bring pressure to bear on the porte. in claiming that minorities were denied equal rights, european critics ignored the fact that there was no notion of rights in ottoman law for any subjects of the sultan. this did not stop the major european powers from asserting that they would "protect" a particular group from discrimination and persecution. orthodox christians and armenians [some of whom had started to hold european passports due to the aforementioned arrangements in the context of the capitalutions] became the patrons of russia, and the french and austrians looked after the interest of catholics, while the british sponsored the greeks in their war of independence in the 1820s and later declared ottoman protestants and then jews to be under british protection."
  
  gasper, michael. 2013. "the making of the modern middle east." in the middle east [thirteenth edition], ed. ellen lust. pp. 1-72. 11-12.
  
  --- quote ---
  
  tema:
  (bkz: tarih /@derinsular)
  
  diğer ilgili tema:
  (bkz: ermeni soykırımı /@derinsular)